专家建议
Regulating Off-Site Construction: Ensuring Code Compliance in a Factory-Built Environment
Underst和ing the process of building code compliance for modular construction projects
While off-site construction projects are subject to the same building code requirements as those built entirely on site, 验证代码遵从性的过程是非常不同的. 不管单位建在哪里, a modular project must comply with codes in place where the building will be occupied, 这增加了工地检查的复杂性.
For site-built projects a local inspector can show up to the site periodically 和 see whether everything is being done correctly. 非现场施工, the local official doesn’t have that opportunity—construction is happening in a factory sometimes hundreds of miles away 和 components arrive at the jobsite fully sealed. 根据项目的位置，可以使用两种方法中的一种.
在35个州, 非现场部件的检查在州一级集中管理, 而具体的责任, 包括组件的组装, 现场工作和公用事业连接, 属于地方当局的职权范围. 在这些州, plan review 和 in-factory inspection of modular components are responsibilities of the state program.
Many state programs allow the use of accredited third-party plan review 和 inspection agencies like ICC NTA to provide these services. This enables inspections to move forward without requiring state officials to visit the 制造 facilities, 哪些地方可能远在其本国管辖范围之外. Putting plan review 和 inspections in the h和s of agencies with specific knowledge of off-site construction is also efficient 和 effective.
在没有全国性项目的司法管辖区, local officials are responsible for the entire review of off-site projects—though they often lack the capacity or capability to do so effectively. 在很多情况下, 本地可以将权限委托给第三方提供者, 但这通常是根据具体情况来处理的, 创造效率挑战.
例如, 犹他州没有全州范围的非现场施工检查计划, 和 the City of Salt Lake required that all projects in the jurisdiction be inspected by local officials. Unfortunately, local officials were not allowed to travel outside the jurisdiction. This meant that off-site projects couldn’t be constructed in the city unless the factory was physically located within its limits.
为了应对这一挑战, the city adopted two st和ards developed by the International Code Council 和 the Modular Building Institute—ICC/MBI 标准 1200 和 1205——为非现场施工提供最佳实践. ICC/MBI标准1200涵盖了规划, 设计, 制造, 装配过程, 标准1205涵盖了监管和检查过程. Both recognize that off-site construction is most effective when there is consistency.
While off-site projects are subject to the same building code requirements as on-site construction, 建筑规范不是从他们的角度来写的. Variations in regulatory requirements from state to state or even locality to locality also create challenges for factories that may deliver components to multiple jurisdictions. 制定ICC/MBI标准就是为了帮助克服这些问题.
的 st和ards provide an important set of definitions to help support the continued growth of off-site construction. 最关键的是非现场施工本身的定义:
“模块化建筑, modular component or panelized system which is 设计ed 和 constructed in compliance with this st和ard 和 is wholly or in substantial part fabricated or assembled in manufacturing plants for installation—or assembly 和 installation—on a separate building site 和 has been manufactured in such a manner that all parts or processes cannot be inspected at the installation site without disassembly, 损害, 或者破坏它.”
该定义专门针对“封闭建设”的概念,” meaning components arrive at the jobsite with elements of the building already sealed, 使地方官员难以检查. 对于这些元素, the role of the local code official is to assure that the component has been reviewed 和 inspected under the state program if one exists. Compliance information can be found on the state label (和 often a third-party inspection label) along with a data plate indicating the relevant code 和 设计 criteria. 一旦验证了这一点, the local code official can monitor the installation 和 interconnection of components on site.
除了标准之外, the ICC has produced a variety of resources to help both code officials 和 the building industry at large. 的 非现场施工，规范，标准和合规入门 examines different types of off-site construction 和 the applicable codes, 标准和遵从性流程. 更多的资源可以在icsafe上找到.org/offsite.
由国际代码委员会的Ryan Colker贡献
